What Is Rhinitis?
Rhinitis is inflammation or irritation of the lining inside the nose. It commonly causes a runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, nasal itching or drainage down the back of the throat.
Rhinitis can have several causes. Allergic rhinitis occurs when the immune system reacts to allergens such as pollen, dust mites, mold or pet dander. Non-allergic rhinitis can cause similar symptoms but is triggered by factors such as temperature changes, strong odors, smoke, medications or hormonal changes, rather than by an allergy.
While rhinitis is usually not serious, persistent symptoms can affect sleep, breathing, concentration and quality of life.
Symptoms of Rhinitis
Rhinitis may cause one or more of the following:
- Runny nose or frequent nasal drainage
- Stuffy or congested nose
- Sneezing
- Nasal itching
- Postnasal drip or mucus draining into the throat
- Throat irritation or frequent throat clearing
- Watery or itchy eyes, particularly with allergies
- Decreased sense of smell
- Difficulty breathing comfortably through the nose
- Symptoms that worsen around specific allergens or environmental triggers
Symptoms can be occasional or ongoing, depending on the underlying cause.
Diagnosing Rhinitis
Diagnosing rhinitis usually begins with a detailed medical history and examination of the nose. Your provider will ask about your symptoms, how long they have been present, potential triggers, medications, environmental exposures and whether you have a history of allergies.
During your examination, your provider may evaluate:
- The nasal passages and nasal lining
- The amount and appearance of nasal drainage
- Nasal congestion or swelling
- The nasal septum and overall nasal anatomy
- The turbinates, which are structures inside the nose that help warm and humidify air
- Signs of inflammation or infection
- Related sinus or throat symptoms
If allergies are suspected, allergy testing may be recommended to identify specific triggers. Depending on your symptoms, additional evaluation may also be appropriate to look for conditions such as chronic sinus disease, nasal polyps or deviated septum.
What Causes Rhinitis?
Rhinitis can have many different causes, including:
Allergic Rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis occurs when the immune system reacts to normally harmless substances. Common triggers include:
- Pollen
- Grass and weeds
- Dust mites
- Pet dander
- Mold
Non-Allergic Rhinitis
Non-allergic rhinitis may be triggered by:
- Changes in temperature or humidity
- Smoke or air pollution
- Perfumes and strong odors
- Spicy foods
- Certain medications
- Hormonal changes
- Other environmental irritants
Understanding the cause of your rhinitis is important because treatment is often tailored to the specific type and triggers.
When Should You Be Evaluated?
Consider an evaluation if your nasal symptoms are persistent or recurring, affect your sleep or daily activities or are not adequately controlled with typical treatments.
A proper evaluation can help identify the cause of your symptoms and determine the most appropriate treatment options.